Young people’s use of online”

QUESTION

Young people’s use of online”
social networking sites – a uses
and gratifications perspective
A ́ ine Dunne and Margaret-Anne Lawlor
Faculty of Business, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland, and
Jennifer Rowley
Department of Information and Communications,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore why young people use and participate in social
networking sites (SNSs) with specific reference to Bebo.
Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach is employed in this paper with a view to
exploring the uses and gratifications (U and G) that girls aged 12-14 years, both seek and obtain from
the Bebo SNS. The research is conducted in a school setting in Ireland.
Findings – The findings indicate that the participants are actively using Bebo for their own personal
motives and gratifications in terms of presenting and managing a certain identity and persona in a
social context. Furthermore, the relatively impersonal nature of the online environment is seen to
especially facilitate the young participants in negotiating the practicalities and difficulties that can
arise offline, in terms of forging identities and managing relationships.
Originality/value – U and G theory has attracted criticism in terms of a perceived limitation that it
only serves to offer lists of reasons as to why audiences attend to the media, and furthermore, a
perception that much of the extant U and G research has desisted from discerning between
gratifications sought (GS) and gratifications obtained (GO). This paper affirms the appropriateness of
the U and G theoretical approach in the context of online research. The authors conclude that SNS such
as Bebo facilitate the participants in this paper in executing personal aims (for example, identity
creation and management) with a view to obtaining certain gratifications (for example, peer
acceptance). Therefore, a clear distinction but inextricable link is demonstrated between the GS and
GO from participating in SNS.
Keywords Social networks, Youth, Consumer behaviour
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The online phenomenon of social networking sites (SNSs) has been consistently
growing in popularity over the past five years (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). SNSs constitute
a form of virtual community, with sites such as Bebo, Facebook and MySpace
commanding a vast global following. For example, Facebook and MySpace report in
excess of 70 and 50 million active visitors, respectively, on a monthly basis to their sites
( Johnson, 2009). However, whilst SNSs are increasingly becoming a focal topic in the
communications arena, academia has been slow to keep pace with this continuous
growth (Beer, 2008).
Much of the research to date has focused on various aspects of SNSs such as the
nature of connecting with friends on these sites (Boyd and Ellison, 2008; Liu, 2008;
Tong et al., 2008; Walther et al., 2008; Boyd, 2007), and identity creation and
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/2040-7122.htm
JRIM
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Journal of Research in Interactive
Marketing
Vol. 4 No. 1, 2010
pp. 46-58
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
2040-7122
DOI 10.1108/17505931011033551

management (Boyd and Ellison, 2008; Doster, 2008; Fraser and Dutta, 2008; Boyd,
2007). This exploratory study employs a different approach by considering why young
people use and participate in online SNSs. Adopting the uses and gratifications
(U and G) perspective as the theoretical foundation for this research, the authors
investigate the U and G that young people aged 12-14 years, derive from SNSs. The
merit of adopting such an approach lies in it facility to provide marketers with an
insight into how consumers use and interact with such sites, an aspect particularly
relevant to marketers as SNS now represent a valuable marketing communications
channel (Fraser and Dutta, 2008). The paper commences by examining the relevance of
the U and G approach to this research study, before proceeding to consider the nature
of SNS. The research methodology underpinning this study is then examined,
including the rationale for focusing on young people in this specific age group as the
context for this study. Finally, the authors present their research findings and
conclusions arising from the study, together with recommendations for future
research.
Uses and gratifications theory
U and G theory is the study of the gratifications or benefits that attract and hold
audiences to various types of media and the types of content that satisfy their social
and psychological needs (O’Donohoe, 1994; Cantril, 1942). Whilst researchers
traditionally tended to emphasise the effects of media exposure on audiences, U and G
theory espouses the need to consider what people do with media (Rubin, 2002;
Ruggiero, 2000; Parker and Plank, 2000; O’Donohoe, 1994; Katz, 1959). This theory has
been applied to a variety of mass media and media content, with the selection of media
type evolving to match the dominant or emerging media of the day. For example, a
U and G approach has been applied in the context of radio (Herzog, 1944; Cantril and
Allport, 1935); various forms of print media, such as newspapers and magazines
(Payne et al., 1988; Berelson, 1949) and also in the context of television (Rubin, 1983;
Bantz, 1982). A further evolution of U and G research explored its connection with the
commercial aspects of media, namely advertising U and G (O’Donohoe, 1994). In recent
years, a number of researchers have called for the application of U and G theory in the
context of so-called new media, such as the internet (Grant, 2005; Rubin, 2002;
Ruggiero, 2000) and mobile phones (Grant and O’Donohoe, 2007).
Rubin (2002) notes that U and G research has tended to focus on one of six major
topical areas. These areas include; linking the media-use motives with media attitudes
and behaviours, comparing motivations across media forms, examining the different
social and psychological circumstances of media use, evaluating the link or indeed
difference between gratifications sought (GS) and gratifications obtained (GO),
exploring whether variations in backgrounds affect behaviour and attributes and
finally, consideration of the methods, reliability and validity of measuring motivation
(Rubin, 2002). Of these six areas, the concept of GS versus GO has been relatively
neglected (Rubin, 2002), a point to which we will return later in this paper. However,
the U and G perspective has also attracted some criticism. One such issue relates to the
methodology employed when researching U and G, and herein, one concern relates to a
perceived over-reliance on respondents using self-reporting to generate data (Severin
and Tankard, 1988). Additionally, O’Donohoe (1994) acknowledges that U and G
theory has been criticised on the basis of a perception that it often does little more than
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generate lists of reasons as to why audiences engage with media. A further criticism is
that it presupposes an active audience who is according full attention to the media,
which is not always the case (Lometti et al., 1977). Finally, a recurrent theme in the
literature is that U and G research often desists from discerning between GS and GO
(Ruggiero, 2000; Palmgreen et al., 1981).
Notwithstanding these criticisms, researchers such as Rubin (2002) and Ruggiero
(2000) note that the emergence of new media forms and in particular, the internet, may
have revived and indeed rejuvenated U and G theory. The internet as a mass media
form especially lends itself to a U and G approach, in part due to its interactive nature
(Grant, 2005; Rubin, 2002; Ruggiero, 2000). In this respect, Ruggiero (2000) identifies
that concepts to be considered in an internet context, such as activity and interactivity,
the nature of the online audience and asynchroneity (the storing of information for
consumption at another point in time) need to be reassessed. Williams et al. (1988) also
highlight the facility of demassification, namely the control and customisation that the
online environment offers the user. As such, the internet and more specifically SNS,
constitute newer media formats, with their own defining characteristics, which are ripe
for examination under the theoretical lens of U and G theory.
Online social networking sites
SNSs are a form of virtual community, with sites such as Bebo, Facebook and MySpace
attracting millions of users world wide, many of whom have integrated the uses of
these sites into their daily routines. These sites are based on the premise of relationship
creation and maintenance, either with existing members of a social circle or connecting
people with similar or shared interests (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). Finin et al. (2005,
p. 419) define a social network as an “explicit representation of the relationship
between individuals and groups in the community”. Elsewhere, Raacke and
Bonds-Raacke (2008) indicate that social networks provide a virtual platform where
people of similar interests may gather to communicate, share and discuss ideas. From a
marketing communications perspective, popular SNS such as Bebo and Facebook
constitute brands in their own right and offer marketers access to substantial
information about site members. Furthermore, SNS offer marketers the facility for
engaging in two-way communication with members in terms of personalised messages
and content. However, it is argued that an effective business model in terms of the
commercial leveraging of SNS continues to elude marketers.
The social network profile is the focal point of one’s social networking existence. Each
profile page is unique to the owner and allows its purveyor to literally “type oneself into
being” (Sunden, 2003, p. 3). Each member is encouraged to upload their personal
profile photograph and share a range of personal information such as where they go
to school and details about their personal tastes, such as favourite movies and music
(Boyd, 2007). As users have total control over the content that they choose to share and
the applications they place on their pages, they can, and usually do, opt to portray
themselves in the most positive light. In essence, this means that a user can aspire to an
ideal-self through his/her SNS profile. Aside from the inclusion of personal details and
photographs, there are two further main components of the social networking profile –
friends and comments (Boyd, 2007). Profiles offer a facility for communication and
interaction between members, usually in the form of a comments section. Friends also
play a fundamental role in the composition of SNSs. On joining a SNS, users are
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encouraged to identify others with whom they wish to form relationships. Once the
connection is made, the relationship will be visually represented on each user’s profile
page, under the friends section, within which there is a facility to nominate one’s top
or best 8, 12, 16 or 20 friends, to be listed as such on the user’s main profile page
(Boyd, 2007). The practice of selecting and displaying one’s top friends is referred to by
Boyd and Ellison (2008, p. 213) as “public displays of connection” and is often used to
provide a real statement about who the person is and the company they keep (Tong et al.,
2008; Liu, 2008; Boyd, 2007). Research to date in this area has focused overwhelmingly
on one’s profile page, primarily regarding how people portray themselves through their
profile page and how they connect with friends and acquaintances via the network
(Boyd and Ellison, 2008; Tong et al., 2008; Liu, 2008; Boyd, 2007). In this study, the
authors examine two uses that young people have for these sites. First, the gratifications
or benefits that are being sought (GS) by using these SNSs, and second the gratifications
that are in turn being obtained (GO) through the use of these sites.
Research methodology
The aim of this paper is to explore the U and G that young people, specifically girls,
aged 12-14 years, derive from online SNSs. The first research objective guiding this
study was to explore the girls’ usage of the internet and more specifically SNSs, with
the second research objective related to the examination of the reasons for this
behaviour. The 12-14 age group is a relevant focus for this research given its
immersion from an early age in the online environment (Andersen et al., 2007). It is for
this reason that Fraser and Dutta (2008) refer to this grouping as “Generation V” – the
virtual generation. Similarly, Samson and Conlon (2006) acknowledge the technological
prowess of this age group, referring to this cohort as the connected generation, many of
whom have never experienced life without the internet. This segment has not
previously been studied from a U and G perspective and the authors feel that research
concerning the youth segment, particularly in the context of online U and G, would
provide valuable insights into this segment’s engagement with, and uses of SNS.
Furthermore, as the online SNS, Bebo, provides the context for this study, the sample of
12-14 years old was selected on the basis that younger children are not permitted by
site regulations to become members of Bebo. The 12-14 year old age group represents
the upper cusp of the tween segment, defined by Lindstrom (2004) as constituting
children aged between eight and 14 years old. As a segment the tween cohort are
traditionally seen to be “in-between” or in a state of transition between childhood and
the teenage years and at a period where they are experimenting with their identities,
personalities and appearances (Cook and Kaiser, 2004).
A qualitative methodology was employed in this study involving a total of seven, all
girl focus groups which were conducted in the setting of an Irish secondary school.
A qualitative approach had previously been used across a selection of media and/or
advertising U and G studies by Grant and O’Donohoe (2007), Grant (2005), Ritson and
Elliott (1999) and O’Donohoe (1994). Each group in this study comprised three to five
participants. Similar to the friendship triad employed by Grant and O’Donohoe (2007),
the groups were small enough to allow each participant offer their viewpoint, whilst
being large enough to allow discourse to develop and flow. In all, 24 girls participated
in this research. Cook and Kaiser (2004) note that the tween segment is traditionally
accepted as being predominantly female-based in nature particularly as, from a sales
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driven perspective, the female tween constitutes a more lucrative niche market that
their male counter-parts. This is explained by their consumption of products as
fashion, cosmetics and accessories (Cook and Kaiser, 2004). Furthermore, Spicer and
Taherreport (2008) identify that teen girls are the predominant drivers of the growth of
SNSs vastly outnumbering their male counterparts. The same authors also suggest
that girls’ consumption of the online environment is different to that of boys, in terms
of girls’ predisposition to gossip, being more open to communicating, and having more
widespread interests.
A semi-structured interviewing format was followed in the conduct of the group
discussions. First, the girls were probed about their internet usage in general and
web sites they both regularly visited, and liked to visit. They were then probed as to the
reasons for this behaviour. The focus groups were recorded with the girls’ permission
and subsequently transcribed. With regard to data analysis, each transcript was
examined and the information collected was then categorised according to the emergent
themes. Examples of such themes included identity creation and management, and
escapism. These themes emerged from the issues discussed during the focus groups
and were also informed by the themes which surfaced in previous research relating to
U and G theory (O’Donohoe, 1994) and SNSs (Boyd, 2007).
A number of important ethical considerations were applied in the conduct of this
research, for example with regard to guaranteeing the participants anonymity,
negotiation of access to the age group, and the acquisition of written consent from both
the participants and their parents. Additionally, the participants’ names have been
changed for the purpose of anonymity. Furthermore, the research was conducted in a
school environment, a safe environment for both the children and the researcher
(Banister and Booth, 2005).
Discussion
Each of the girls, who participated in the focus groups, presented themselves as regular
online users. When questioned as to which web sites they frequently visited, the
discussions tended to turn quickly to SNS, such as Bebo, Facebook or MySpace, and
virtual worlds such as Zwinky. However, SNS became the focal point of the
discussions, as initiated by the participants, with an especially strong emphasis being
placed on Bebo in particular. As such, this paper focuses on the girls’ consumption of
the Bebo site.
Throughout the focus group discussions, it became apparent that there was a
diverse and wide-ranging variety of reasons why young people visited the Bebo site,
which duly led to certain gratifications being obtained from such SNS usage. For
example, many of the focus group participants stated that updating their Bebo pages
and examining other users’ pages allowed them to communicate with others (GS). This
in turn facilitated the participants in gaining or maintaining peer acceptance (GO).
Table I provides a summary of the primary GS and GO, which emerged from the focus
group discussions.
In their discussions as to why they engaged with SNSs, the participants noted a
number of purposes that SNS served from their point of view. However, as the
discussions progressed, it transpired that the uses of SNS, for example, to communicate
with others, also led to certain gratifications being obtained. To this end, the
participants offered varying and interesting insights as to the benefits they obtained
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from these sites. For example, a frequently discussed topic that emerged, in the context
of GS, was the often-interconnected themes of communication and friending (GS).
In this respect, Sophie (aged 13 years) described how she used the site thus:
I use them to chat with friends and keep in contact with my friends. I moved here from
England so I find it really helpful to easily keep in touch with all my old friends. I’m an only
child as well so when I move, it was only me and my parents so the internet is really a form of
connection to my old life.
Although this scenario was given as support to her claim that communicating with
friends was her primary use for SNS, Sophie’s contribution also indicates how a site
such as Bebo facilitates her overall desire to maintain existing relationships (GO).
A similar example was given by another participant who noted how she used Bebo
for friending purposes having recently moved to Ireland from Eastern Europe: “I use
Bebo to talk to my friends. It helped me to make friends easily and feel part of the group”
(Anna, 13 years). Clearly, there is a close link here between GS (making friends) and GO
(group/peer acceptance). Elsewhere, in the discussion regarding communication with
friends, Emma (aged 13 years) noted that SNS, particularly Bebo, facilitated her in the
following manner:
I use them to talk with your friends, it’s cheaper than texting them, well for me anyway, I don’t
have to pay for the internet.
As such, Emma’s contribution illustrated her rationale for using Bebo and the
accompanying reward. The majority of girls also identified using Bebo as a means of
escape and the alleviation of boredom (GS). For example, Jane (13 years) stated that she
simply uses Bebo “for something to do”. This sentiment was echoed by Amanda
(13 years) who noted “I go on Bebo just for something to do, like if I’m bored at home”.
Additionally, many of the participants also highlighted their use of SNS for information
seeking (GS) purposes: “to see what is new with everyone” (Becky, 14 years). When
asked how the use of Bebo facilitates this, Becky identified that her friends shared
new information about themselves and their recent activities by updating various
elements of their profile pages, such as the “about me” section, together with the
uploading of new photos, videos and new comments. Becky’s contribution regarding
the sharing and seeking of information through SNSs, reflects Singer’s (1998)
observation that the internet is capable of empowering the individual both by
providing them with the information they require and enabling them to createe and
share any information.
Gratifications sought Gratifications obtained
Communication Portraying one’s ideal image
Friending Peer acceptance
Identity creation and management Relationship maintenance
Entertainment Safety from embarrassment and rejection
Escapism and alleviation of boredom Engaging in playground politics
Information search
Interacting with boys
Table I.
Gratifications sought
and obtained
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A further and highly popular theme that frequently emerged in relation to GS was that
of entertainment (GS), for example: “I really enjoy going onto Bebo, it’s fun” (Anne,
13 years). The girls were probed as to the nature of such entertainment, to which Sarah
(14 years) elaborated: “I think checking out other people’s photos and video clips is great
fun, you get a good laugh out of it”. Using SNS to interact with boys online, as opposed to
the alternative of the more visible offline environment, was also identified by a
number of girls, as a popular reason for engaging in sites such as Bebo. Indeed, this
particular GS can also be linked with the information searching (GS), communication
(GS) and friending (GS). In this manner, participation in the site provided them with
safety from embarrassment and rejection (GO): “it’s a good way of talking to boys, you
can post a comment on their site or ask them to be your friend without being
embarrassed or feeling stupid” (Kate, 14 years). This is an example of where the internet,
and more specifically SNSs, is seen to offer an advantage over personal communication,
in terms of facilitating the initiation of contact between the participants and boys.
As previously noted, while the GS are the explicit reasons that the participants have
for using SNS, such as Bebo in the first place, it also emerged that a number of additional
needs are being met through the use of such SNS, namely GO. Upon extended discussion
on the topic of communication and friending (GS), a number of GO materialised.
In addition to the previously mentioned maintenance of existing relationships (GO),
another GS from participating in Bebo was that of identity creation which should
accordingly facilitate peer acceptance (GO): “you can tell people about yourself, who
you are and what you like and make friends that way” (Allison, 13 years). As such,
Allison’s contribution depicts the link between online GS and GO. By communicating
with other Bebo users, Allison can manage the personal information which she makes
available on her Bebo page, thus creating a certain identity with a view to achieving peer
acceptance. The importance of identity creation and impression management (GS) was
also noted in a number of other discussions. For example, Gemma (aged 13 years)
asserted: “you can make yourself look good, you know, pick the best picture of yourself,
put on a cool skin, show off your coolest friends and just look fun”.
Similarly, the importance of presenting a positive self-identity was noted by Anne
(aged 13 years): “you will always put up the best photos of yourself, you don’t want to
make yourself look bad or stupid”. Again the clear link between identity creation and
management (GS) and the accompanying desire for peer acceptance (GO) is evident in
Gemma and Anne’s contributions.
The girls’ awareness of the opinion of others and indeed their assessment of other
users’ contributions was also evident elsewhere:
Sometimes you look at people’s profile pictures and go “oh my god, what are they at”? Some
of the stuff they say about themselves is exaggerated as well, they are trying to make
themselves look cool (Suzy, 14 years).
Furthermore, the issue of engaging in playground politics (GO) was raised by a small
number of girls in relation to SNS when discussing the aspect of friending. In the
following example, Louise indicates how her Bebo web page can be used to signal her
dissatisfaction with another user:
[. . .] you can use Bebo when you’re fighting with someone too, like if I’m not talking to
someone, I take them off my top friends list or if it’s really bad, I delete them totally (Louise,
13 years).
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The link between GS and GO became quite evident with one girl (Stephanie, 14 years)
who noted: “I go on Bebo to mainly talk with my friends, I spend hours on it every
day”, thus identifying purposes such as communication, in terms of talking with
friends and escapism, which is alluded to by the duration spent immersed in the world
of SNSs on a daily basis. Additionally, this participant’s prolonged usage of these sites
illustrates how she uses these sites to pass her time and therefore obtains rewards such
as entertainment or the alleviation of boredom. However, she proceeded: “I don’t
actually have my own Bebo site. I use Bebo through my older sister’s [aged 19 years]
profile. It’s better than just having your own”. On being probed as to the rationale for
this, she explained: “because it’s just more fun to use my sister’s site. People think that
it is my sister that’s online”. This is a clear example of identity creation and
management (GS). It also underscores how SNSs serve to facilitate the user in
interacting with others with relative anonymity.
Continuing with this theme, it is important to highlight that the majority of
participants were alert to the potential downsides and dangers which may prevail in an
online environment:
Sometimes you have to be careful especially if someone you don’t know asks you to be their
friend on Bebo and you don’t know them, you really can’t be sure if they are the person in
their profile pictures. I mean, you hear stories about young people getting tricked by older
people who lie about their age and who they are online (Olivia, 13 years).
As the above discussion has highlighted, much of the rationale offered by the focus
group participants for engaging with the Bebo site, that is to say the gratifications they
are seeking are often as simple as communication, entertainment or friending.
However, the gratifications that are actually being met or obtained from the use of
such sites are deeper and more complex. If we consider the example above of Sophie
(13 years) who stated she used Bebo for communication and friending having recently
moved from England to Ireland. Probing further into her rationale, the researchers
found that she was using these sites for relationship maintenance and indeed, rather
than simply being a source of entertainment for Sophie, as was the case with a number
of the participants, Bebo provided Sophie with an invaluable connection to the life she
had left and assisted her in an easier transition into her new life.
Conclusion
As previously alluded to, SNSs constitute a rapidly growing phenomenon, with sites
such as MySpace and Facebook attracting 250,000-300,000 new members on a daily
basis (Fraser and Dutta, 2008). However, there is a distinct lack of academic research
on the subject (Beer, 2008) and more specifically, there is a meagre body of empirical
research pertaining to an exploration of the possible application of U and G in an online
context. Examples include Grant’s (2005) study of young people’s relationship with
online marketing, and Raacke and Bonds-Raacke’s (2008) application of U and G in the
context of SNSs.
Ruggiero (2000) posits that two questions, both theoretical and practical, prevail for
all U and G researchers. These are: why do users interact in a specific type of mediated
communication, and second, what gratifications are obtained from such interaction?
In line with this, our study sought to address these questions by examining why
young people participate in SNSs and the benefits obtained from this engagement.
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This research indicates that SNS and specifically in this case, Bebo, play a significant
role in the lives of the 12-14 year old girls participating in this study but the reasons
they have for engaging in these sites are varied and often quite personal.
Academic research to date has focused primarily on the aspects of friending (Boyd and
Ellison, 2008; Tong et al., 2008; Liu, 2008; Boyd, 2007) and identity management (Boyd and
Ellison, 2008; Doster, 2008; Fraser and Dutta, 2008; Boyd, 2007), and these elements were
also identified in this study as gratifications. However, this research has highlighted a
number of additional U and G that were sought (GS) from SNS participation including
communication, entertainment, escapism and the alleviation of boredom, interaction with
the opposite sex, and information searching. On deeper investigation, the participants
unveiled numerous underlying GO from the use of SNSs, namely, the portrayal of one’s
ideal image, peer acceptance, relationship maintenance, safety from embarrassment and
rejection, and finally, engagement in playground politics.
A common criticism that is levelled against U and G research is the frequent
absence therein to discern between GS and GO (Ruggiero, 2000; Palmgreen et al., 1981).
In this study, many of the GS (e.g. identity creation and identity management) were
clearly connected to the GO, i.e. the rewards that accrued from such actions (e.g. peer
acceptance). More specifically, the girls’ personal motives for participating in SNS were
demonstrated to be frequently and inextricably linked with social outcomes. For
example, maintaining a Bebo page was often viewed as being an opportunity to
interact with the opposite sex. A positively viewed outcome of the non-personal nature
of the online environment was its ability to offer the participants relative shelter from
embarrassment and rejection. Therefore, even if the latter did occur, it did so in the
relatively impersonal environment of Bebo where face-to-face and non-verbal
communication are absent.
A further criticism of U and G theory is its assumption of an active audience
(Lometti et al., 1977). While one could argue over the degree to which a user is active in
relation to media such as television or radio, the internet as a media form negates this
criticism as, in order to engage with the any form of content on the internet, the
audience must be active. In the case of this research, an SNS user is very much part of
an active audience from the point at which they log on to the SNS. Activities such as
divulging or seeking information, posting comments, sharing one’s photographs and
videos and connecting with new friends, ensure that the U and G application to SNS
nullifies a long-standing criticism of U and G theory. Rubin (2002) outlines how the GS
and GO dimensions to U and G theory has been ignored by academics for over two
decades, and the few studies that have applied this approach, have done so primarily in
a quantitative context. In this study, the authors have examined the various GS and
GO from the Bebo site, using a qualitative methodology. Indeed, this study has shown
that not only can a qualitative methodology be employed to successfully identify GS
and GO but also that the link between GS and GO can provide rich and interesting
insights into the mindsets of young SNS users.
From a marketer’s perspective, this study has outlined how tweens use sites such as
Bebo to share information about their lifestyles, interests, tastes and experiences, thus
offering valuable insights into the online behaviour of tweens, and also serving to
enhance marketers’ understanding of the lucrative tween segment. Boyd and Ellison
(2008) indicate that SNS provide an opportunity for users to articulate and make visible
their social connections. This is not only true in relation to human connections but can
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also be applied to articulating one’s connections to or affiliation with brands.
As identified previously aspects such as friending and identity management are very
important to SNS users. Considering this, understanding how tweens use these sites
may be very beneficial to marketers. Whilst the girls in this study did not refer to the
presence of brand messages on their Bebo pages or within the site, it is contended that
sites such as Bebo facilitate members becoming fans of or indeed become friends with a
brand, e.g. a band, movie or television show. This “befriending” of brands is a
statement of personal endorsement of this particular brand and in turn this action can
provide the brand with very positive electronic word of mouth (eWOM). Unlike
tradition offline WOM, eWOM often occurs between consumers with little or no prior
relationship and indeed may occur in total anonymity (Lee and Youn, 2009). Therefore,
marketers need to be aware of the discussions and interactions, both brand-related and
non-brand-related, that tween users are engaging in, by means of social media.
As previously alluded to, the tween consumer is a highly lucrative consumer
grouping. However, they are also a group in transition, often trying to distance
themselves from the child label but yet not part of teen cohort (Anderson et al., 2007;
Samson and Conlon, 2006; Cook and Kaiser, 2004). The tween segment exists in an
unstable and fickle culture where they are constantly experimenting with their social
identity (Samson and Conlon, 2006; Cook and Kaiser, 2004). In this study, the
participants noted that identity creation and management play a major role in their
engagement with SNS. Not only can SNS provide tweens with an avenue for
experimenting with their social identity, but through brand befriending, it can also
provide tweens with an opportunity to develop their commercial identity.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated how the U and G approach is both
appropriate and relevant in the context of the online environment and specifically SNS.
This supports the stance of previous researchers who have promoted its application in
the context of online-based research (Grant, 2005; Stafford et al., 2004; Rubin, 2002;
Ruggiero, 2000). However, this study is not without its limitations. For example, as
Bebo proved to be the SNS of choice amongst our sample, discussion and actions
primarily focused on this SNS alone. The authors note that a sample comprising a
different age grouping may gravitate towards a different SNS and thus have very
different experiences to those of our sample. Therefore, future research might consider
the U and G that older audiences might seek and obtain from other SNS such as
Facebook and MySpace. Furthermore, it became clear in this research that the
participants view Bebo, their SNS of choice, as a resource for their own personal and
social uses. Therefore, a potential research avenue is to explore SNS users’ experiences
of, and attitudes towards the marketing and advertising messages that are becoming
increasingly prevalent in these sites.
As SNS continue to attract substantial numbers of new and existing members on a
daily basis, user motivations for participating in SNS, and the resulting rewards and
gratifications, represent fertile ground for further exploration

Assignment:

Your summary (two pages max) should include:

1) the gist of the article: the purpose of the paper & main research  questions (hypotheses)
2) what is the article’s theoretical & methodological approach: what researchers did to answer to research questions
3) strengths/weaknesses of the article
4) how might practitioners use what is provided in this article.