Using Variable Reinforcement Schedules to Enhance Target Behavior: A Strategic Approach for Researchers

QUESTION

Why would a researcher who is trying to increase a target behavior (e.g., the number of math problems solved correctly) set a criterion for reinforcement that actually allows the dependent variable to decrease before once again setting a criterion to increase the target behavior?

ANSWER

Using Variable Reinforcement Schedules to Enhance Target Behavior: A Strategic Approach for Researchers

Introduction

In behavioral research, researchers often aim to increase a target behavior through the implementation of reinforcement strategies. While consistent reinforcement can be effective in promoting behavior change, there are instances where introducing variable reinforcement schedules may yield more robust and lasting results. This essay explores the rationale behind setting criteria for reinforcement that allows the target behavior to decrease before gradually increasing it, highlighting the advantages of using variable reinforcement schedules to optimize behavior change interventions.

Introduction to Variable Reinforcement Schedules

Variable reinforcement schedules involve delivering reinforcement for a behavior intermittently or at varying rates. Instead of reinforcing the target behavior every time it occurs, researchers strategically provide reinforcement after specific intervals, responses, or in response to certain criteria.

 Extinction Burst and the Role of Variable Reinforcement

When researchers initially set a criterion for reinforcement that allows the target behavior to decrease, it may trigger an “extinction burst.” An extinction burst refers to a temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of the target behavior when the reinforcement is withheld. It occurs because the individual is seeking the reinforcement they previously received for the behavior.

Behavioral Momentum and Resurgence

Following the extinction burst, behavioral momentum comes into play. Behavioral momentum refers to the tendency of the behavior to persist even after reinforcement has been discontinued. By initially allowing the behavior to decrease and then reintroducing reinforcement, researchers can leverage behavioral momentum to increase the target behavior more effectively.

Advantages of Variable Reinforcement Schedules

Resistance to Extinction: Behaviors that have been reinforced consistently may be more susceptible to extinction when reinforcement is withdrawn. By employing variable reinforcement schedules, researchers can increase the durability and resistance to extinction of the target behavior.

Enhanced Generalization: Variable reinforcement fosters greater generalization of the behavior across different settings and contexts. The behavior is not solely tied to a specific reinforcement schedule, making it more likely to occur in various situations.

 Motivation and Engagement: The uncertainty associated with variable reinforcement schedules can increase motivation and engagement in the target behavior. Participants are more likely to persist in their efforts, anticipating the potential for reinforcement.

Application to Enhance Math Problem Solving

In the context of increasing the number of math problems solved correctly, researchers might start with  lower reinforcement criterion to allow for the extinction burst. As the behavior becomes more established, they can gradually increase the criterion to shape the behavior more effectively.

Conclusion

Using variable reinforcement schedules strategically in behavioral research offers several advantages over consistent reinforcement. Allowing the target behavior to decrease initially can trigger an extinction burst, followed by the beneficial effects of behavioral momentum and increased resistance to extinction. By understanding these psychological mechanisms, researchers can design more effective behavior change interventions, such as improving math problem-solving skills. Variable reinforcement not only enhances the target behavior’s durability and generalization but also sustains participants’ motivation and engagement throughout the process. As researchers continue to explore the complexities of human behavior, the integration of variable reinforcement schedules can lead to more successful and impactful behavior change interventions in various fields of study.