1. Identify AND Explain the 7 types of memory? The first one is declarative memory or memory of facts. This is our memory that World War One started in nineteen seventeen and was started by Germany and World War Two, the United States during World War Two in nineteen forty one. That war was also started by Germany. This is a memory of facts. A lot of what you study in school is a memory of facts, not all of it. Hopefully you have some process and procedural memory, but most of it is a memory of facts that the first type of memory that the hippocampus is involved in, the second type of spatial memory where certain neurons respond. When you’re in a certain place, when you’re in that place, the specific set of neurons respond, letting you know that you’ve been in this place before. This is kind of like at school when you come into the classroom, there are a series of desks that you can choose to sit at. And so on the first day of class, you choose to sit in this desk and then this is on the first day of class. And then you come in the third day of class and someone else is sitting in your seat and you’re forced to sit here. Well, here’s the problem. When you’re sitting in this seat on the first day, you have queues around the classroom that allow you to remember information easier. When you are asked to move to this seat, you’re going to have different neurons respond. Those cues are then also going to move and maybe there are here. And so now your cues don’t work as well because you’re sitting in a different seat. Your neurons keep track of that. Your neurons keep track of where you’ve been, where you’re at and where you’re going. This is also the reason why you remember where the classroom is. When you get out of your car and start walking to your classroom, you don’t think to yourself, oh, crap, where is the classroom? You have neurons that automatically keep track of that information for you. Another kind of memory that involves the hippocampus is configurable learning where the meaning of a stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with the first stimulus. When my example that I used when I explained how memory works, I had a memory about Paul, which was then linked to a memory about his yellow Corvette, which was then linked to a memory about his sister, Ann, who also had a yellow Corvette. And that reminded me that she dated Marc, who had a red truck. Now, all of this makes sense to me because it’s all related to the first piece of information right here. It’s Ann’s yellow Corvette. Her dating mark is red Corvette. That’s all related. Back to Paul. These things have meaning these things under here and her yellow Corvette Mark and his red truck have meaning to me because of what it means that Paul had a yellow Corvette. Want to show you a picture here so you can kind of get an idea of what configurable learning is when I saw your picture. But I’m going to take it back right away. So you’re only going to have a couple seconds to look at it. Now, what was their think about what you saw in that picture? Maybe some of you said you saw a coffee cup, you saw a computer, you saw a phone, maybe you saw a stapler. This is what was here you have a phone, French press, coffee maker and an iPad, if you thought that there was a cup of coffee and a computer and maybe a stapler, that’s because of configurable learning. As soon as you saw that this was a desk and had some electronics on it with a cup of coffee, you automatically assume that this was an office. You started putting items in there that belong in an office, even though those items weren’t in the picture that I showed you. And that is configurable learning. Another type of memory that the hippocampus is involved in is binding memories where memories are held together in the neocortex. This was a series of experiments that a guy named Carl Lashley designed in his search for an Ingram and Ingram is a trace of a memory or a memory trace. Carl Ashlee’s idea was that this memory trace should follow a neuronal pathway, that we should be able to find all of the neurons responsible for a particular memory in a pathway and follow them. Are we tested? This was he taught rats how to run a maze and then he cut parts of this neuronal pathway. And you can see that here. These are all cuts to the cerebral cortex in Daschle’s attempt to disrupt memory. What he found was when he taught rats to run a maze, made these cuts in their cortex, put them back into the maze, that there was little apparent effect. They actually were able to remember the maze, regardless of how many cuts he had made in the cerebral cortex, indicating, as we had talked about earlier, that those memories are much like a spider web where you have all kinds of points of access to get to those memories. When you take out one line of them, you’re still able to get to those memories. It’s just you’re not going to get there in the same way that you did before you lost those neurons. That is what Carl Lashley was trying to show here with his experiment of these cuts, that our memories are binding together in a way that allows us to access them even if we lose part of that neuronal pathway. Another type of memory is called procedural memory or the ability to learn recalled procedures. Procedural memory lasts longer than, say, the other types of memory, like declarative memory, and it lasts longer because it’s stored in the cerebellum as opposed to the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. Looking at lastly, strong here is right here. That is where most of our motor memory is. This would be motor memory. How did you learn to write out words as you’re taking notes or hopefully you’re taking notes? It’s because of that motor memory. How do your fingers work? How do you hold a pen if you’re typing on a computer where the letters are on the computer keyboard? That is all a procedural memory. Another example, I don’t know if you guys have ever seen this, but another example is this game called the Tower of Hanoi. The idea in this particular game is that you’re going to move these donuts right here from this post to one of these other posts in the same order that you see here. But you’re probably going to take this first on it and you’re going to move it here. You take the second doughnut and you move it over here and your third doughnut, you move it over here and your fourth doughnut, you move it over here and then you’ve got to start moving these backwards and forwards in order to get them in the order that you see here. What is interesting about this game, this game is called the Tower of Hanoi, is that once you learn how to play this game, you don’t ever forget the first time you do it and you figure out how to get all these donuts over to one of these other posts in the same order. The second time you do it, it takes you less time. Hopefully you learned about this in interest, like this is called Thorndyke Law of Effect and that you get quicker and quicker at a procedure after you have learned it. Each time you sit down to do this, you’re going to be able to solve the puzzle because you have procedural memory and it’s going to get quicker and quicker every time that you do it. That is procedural memory. And again, that’s held in a different place, that’s held in the cerebellum as opposed to the cerebral cortex. And the cerebellum degrades at a slower rate than the cerebral cortex, which is why you can retain procedural memories for a longer period of time, another type of memory, explicit memory or a deliberate recall of information. And you actually recognize this as a memory. When you were first learning how to drive, you probably got into your car and you thought, I need to have my hands at 10 and two. I need to have my right foot positioned in such a way that I can reach the gas and the brake. I want to put my seatbelt on. I want to put the key in the ignition. I want to push the brake when I put the car in park and drive, et cetera. These are all explicit memories because it was early on that you were learning this information and so you had to explicitly or purposefully remember what did I learn in class about driving? Over time, though, that became an implicit memory or the influence of recent experience on behavior over time, you don’t have to think about it as a memory. Not that you realized anything. You just don’t ever have to think about it as a memory. You know that when you get in a car, you put your seatbelt on, you put the key in the ignition, you press the brake, put the car into drive, and you let go of the brake, push on the gas. You move forward. You don’t actually recall those memories like, oh, yeah, I remember when Mr. Johnson, when I was a junior in high school, told me how to do those things. You just seem to know how to do that. And sometimes you hear this referred to as automatic processes. You have processes that are automatic, that just automatically occur, and you have other processes which are controlled processes or the equivalent of what would be an explicit memory where you actually have to think about it. Automatic processes just happen automatically. Make sure that you read about these types of memory and how we know that the hippocampus is involved in these types of memories in your textbook. And that ends.
2. Tell us which ONE of the 7 types of memory is the most important and why you think that

ANSWER

Unveiling the Seven Types of Memory and Their Significance

Introduction

Memory is a fundamental cognitive function that enables us to store, retrieve, and utilize information. Declarative memory, involving the retention of facts, is just one facet of the multifaceted memory system. This essay delves into the seven types of memory, shedding light on their unique characteristics and importance. Each type of memory contributes to our ability to navigate the world around us and shape our experiences.

Declarative Memory: Declarative memory, also known as factual memory, encapsulates the ability to remember facts, events, and information. It enables us to recall historical events like World War One and World War Two, their initiating countries, and associated dates. This type of memory is extensively employed in educational settings, allowing us to absorb and retain various subjects’ facts and figures.

Spatial Memory: Spatial memory is an intricate memory system that involves encoding and recalling the layout and geography of environments. This type of memory enables us to navigate familiar places, as specific neurons respond when we encounter familiar locations. For instance, when you walk into a classroom, the neurons associated with that specific desk you chose on the first day are activated, helping you recognize and recall your chosen spot.

Episodic Memory: Episodic memory pertains to personal experiences and events, enabling us to recall specific moments from our past. It encapsulates details such as the emotions, context, and sensory experiences associated with a particular event. It empowers us to revisit cherished memories, like a family vacation or a significant life milestone, enriching our personal narratives.

Semantic Memory: Semantic memory encompasses our storehouse of general knowledge, including facts, concepts, and language comprehension. It aids in recalling information like mathematical formulas, historical events, and vocabulary definitions. Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory is devoid of personal context, focusing solely on the objective understanding of concepts.

Procedural Memory: Procedural memory involves the acquisition of skills and habits through practice and repetition. This type of memory allows us to perform tasks like riding a bicycle, typing on a keyboard, or playing a musical instrument. Procedural memory is deeply ingrained through practice, leading to automatic execution of learned actions.

Emotional Memory: Emotional memory involves the retention of emotions associated with events, experiences, or stimuli. This type of memory enables us to remember how we felt during significant life events, traumas, or joyous occasions. Emotional memory plays a role in shaping our reactions to similar situations in the present.

Implicit Memory: Implicit memory encompasses unconscious memory processes that influence behavior and performance without conscious awareness. It aids in activities such as riding a bicycle or driving a car, where skills are applied without active thought. Implicit memory is influenced by prior experiences and learning.

Conclusion

Memory is a multifaceted phenomenon that plays a pivotal role in shaping our perception of the world, interactions, and personal experiences. Declarative memory, spatial memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, emotional memory, and implicit memory collectively contribute to our ability to navigate life’s complexities. Each type of memory showcases unique characteristics and mechanisms that enrich our cognitive abilities, enhancing our capacity to remember, learn, and adapt.

The Significance of Episodic Memory: Unveiling its Importance

Introduction

Among the diverse array of memory types that shape our cognitive landscape, each holds a unique role in our lives. Episodic memory, with its capacity to capture personal experiences and emotions, stands out as a cornerstone of our identity and perception of the world. This essay delves into the significance of episodic memory and explores why it holds a special place among the seven types of memory.

Episodic Memory’s Significance: Episodic memory captures the essence of our individuality by recording the details, emotions, and contextual aspects of our personal experiences. Its ability to connect events with our emotions and senses facilitates the creation of a vivid and comprehensive narrative of our lives. This intricate memory type enables us to relive cherished moments, learn from past mistakes, and maintain a coherent sense of self over time.

Retaining Personal History: Episodic memory allows us to create a rich tapestry of personal history. It enables us to recall the joy of a family celebration, the excitement of a first day of school, or the nervousness of a first date. By anchoring these memories in time and space, episodic memory forms the basis of our life stories, contributing to our understanding of who we are and where we come from.

Learning and Adaptation: Episodic memory’s role in learning is paramount. As we navigate life’s challenges, our past experiences guide our decision-making processes. The lessons learned from past successes and failures influence our choices and behaviors, helping us adapt to new situations and make informed decisions. This type of memory aids in recognizing patterns, predicting outcomes, and adjusting our responses accordingly.

Formation of Emotional Connections: Episodic memory plays a pivotal role in forging emotional connections with events and people. It enables us to revisit the warmth of a childhood home, the laughter shared with friends, or the love experienced with family. These emotional imprints influence our relationships, shaping our bonds and interactions with others.

Preservation of Identity: Episodic memory safeguards our personal identity by preserving our unique experiences and perceptions. As we age, our episodic memories contribute to the continuity of our sense of self. The ability to recall our past endeavors, accomplishments, and challenges bolsters our self-concept, fostering a deeper understanding of our journey.

Conclusion

While all seven types of memory contribute to our cognitive functioning, episodic memory stands as a paramount force that shapes our personal narratives, influences our decision-making, and fosters emotional connections. Its significance lies in its capacity to capture the essence of our experiences, emotions, and identity, enabling us to weave together the intricate tapestry of our lives. In essence, episodic memory serves as a cornerstone in our cognitive architecture, enriching our lives with a vivid portrayal of our unique journey through time.