In one short and concise sentence for each school of thought, state what the subject matter of psychology is according to that school.
For each of the nine schools of thought, state whether it was evolutionary, revolutionary, both, or neither? Tell me why? If you only state one of the four choices above and do not elaborate, the answer will be treated as incorrect whether or not you were accurate. The reason is what is important here. All four choices are used at least once. Also, identify who the founder was in each movement and if there is no clear founder, state that.
In Chapter 1, schools of thought was defined and it was said that major disciplines go through various phases of development – preparadigmatic, paradigmatic, and revolutionary. Psychology is currently preparadigmatic. What does this mean and do you think we will ever be paradigmatic? (There is no correct answer here and I am just looking for you to clearly articulate your argument and accurately define the terms. Do that and earn full points. Also, don’t make a book about it.
Subject Matter: The focus of structuralism is on understanding the basic elements of consciousness and the structure of the human mind.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Neither
Founder: Wilhelm Wundt
Subject Matter: Functionalism aims to study the purpose and functions of mental processes and behaviors in adapting to the environment.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Both
Founder: William James
Subject Matter: Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship with stimuli in the environment, disregarding internal mental processes.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Revolutionary
Founder: John B. Watson
Subject Matter: Gestalt psychology studies the perception of patterns and wholes, emphasizing the organization of sensory experiences.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Neither
Founder: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler
Subject Matter: Psychoanalysis delves into the unconscious mind, investigating hidden desires, conflicts, and motivations that influence behavior.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Neither
Founder: Sigmund Freud
Subject Matter: Humanistic psychology focuses on individual growth, self-actualization, and personal experiences to understand human behavior.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Both
Founder: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Subject Matter: Cognitive psychology explores mental processes, such as memory, problem-solving, and perception, to understand behavior.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Both
Founder: Ulric Neisser
Subject Matter: Biological psychology investigates the biological basis of behavior, including the role of the brain, neurotransmitters, and genetics.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Neither
Founder: No clear founder
Subject Matter: Evolutionary psychology studies how behaviors and mental processes have evolved over time to adapt to the environment and ensure survival.
Evolutionary, Revolutionary, Both, or Neither: Both
Founder: Charles Darwin and various contributors
Preparadigmatic refers to the early stage of development in a scientific discipline where there is no dominant theoretical framework or paradigm. Psychology is currently in the preparadigmatic phase, characterized by a diversity of competing theories and perspectives. Different schools of thought coexist, but none has gained absolute dominance.
The path to becoming paradigmatic is uncertain and depends on the evolution of the field. It requires the emergence of a dominant and widely accepted theoretical framework that guides research and practice. However, the diversity of human behavior and the complexity of psychological phenomena make it challenging for psychology to reach a single unified paradigm. Nonetheless, as research advances and new discoveries are made, certain schools of thought may gain prominence, leading to a more paradigmatic state in the future.
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