In SUMMARY, please keep it brief and only apply whats the most inportant to help prepare for NCLEX questions; what is the pathophysciology, clinical manifetations, early/late signs and symptoms, acute/chronic (if applicable for that deases), post op care (if applicable) Drug treatments, Nutrition, Diagnosis/Diagnostic tests, Lab values., and Nursing Interventions of: pancreatitis, liver diease, gout, leukemia, sickle cell, lymphoma, (non) Hodkins lymphoma hemphilia, gall bladder inflammation and gallbadder stones, periotiniotis, Chroh’s disease, Ulcerative Colitis, nephritis/glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel diease, lupus, anphylactic shock, cataracs, glaucoma, macular degeneration, meniere’s disease, hernieated nucleus pulpous, parkinsons disease. Hirschprungs disease??
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or alcohol abuse, leading to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue.
Clinical Manifestations: Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, elevated amylase and lipase levels.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Development of complications such as necrosis, pseudocysts, or pancreatic abscesses.
Acute/Chronic: Can be acute or chronic, with chronic pancreatitis presenting with recurrent episodes of pain and long-term damage.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Pain management, enzyme replacement therapy (pancreatic enzymes).
Nutrition: Low-fat diet, avoidance of alcohol.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (amylase, lipase), imaging (CT scan, ultrasound).
Lab Values: Elevated amylase and lipase levels.
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, monitoring for complications, education on diet and lifestyle changes.
Pathophysiology: Various conditions leading to liver damage and dysfunction, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease.
Clinical Manifestations: Jaundice, ascites, fatigue, abdominal pain, altered mental status.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, abdominal discomfort.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy.
Acute/Chronic: Can be acute (e.g., acute hepatitis) or chronic (e.g., cirrhosis).
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Depends on the underlying cause; may include antiviral medications, immunosuppressants, or medications to manage symptoms.
Nutrition: Dietary modifications to reduce liver workload (e.g., low-sodium diet, limited alcohol intake).
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Liver function tests, imaging (ultrasound, CT scan), liver biopsy.
Lab Values: Elevated liver enzymes, abnormal bilirubin levels.
Nursing Interventions: Monitoring liver function, symptom management, education on lifestyle changes.
Pathophysiology: Deposition of urate crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and severe pain.
Clinical Manifestations: Acute attacks of joint pain, swelling, redness, typically in the big toe.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of joint pain and swelling.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Chronic joint damage and deformity.
Acute/Chronic: Acute gout attacks with periods of remission.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, corticosteroids.
Nutrition: Limiting purine-rich foods (e.g., organ meats, seafood).
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Joint fluid analysis, blood tests (uric acid levels).
Lab Values: Elevated uric acid levels.
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, education on triggers and lifestyle modifications.
Pathophysiology: Abnormal production of white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to their uncontrolled proliferation and crowding out of healthy cells.
Clinical Manifestations: Fatigue, anemia, bleeding, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, bone pain.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, general malaise, bruising.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe anemia, increased susceptibility to infections, organ dysfunction.
Acute/Chronic: Acute or chronic leukemia, depending on the specific type.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation.
Nutrition: Supportive nutrition to maintain adequate caloric intake during treatment.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (complete blood count, flow cytometry), bone marrow biopsy.
Lab Values: Abnormal white blood cell counts.
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, monitoring for complications, emotional support.
Pathophysiology: Abnormal hemoglobin causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to vaso-occlusive episodes, anemia, and organ damage.
Clinical Manifestations: Painful vaso-occlusive crises, anemia, jaundice, frequent infections, delayed growth in children.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, pain in the extremities, jaundice.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Chronic pain, organ damage (e.g., kidney, lungs, heart).
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute episodes.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Pain management, hydroxyurea, blood transfusions.
Nutrition: Adequate hydration and nutrition to support red blood cell production.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (hemoglobin electrophoresis), newborn screening.
Lab Values: Abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis (e.g., presence of hemoglobin S).
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, infection prevention, education on self-care and triggers.
Pathophysiology: Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues.
Clinical Manifestations: Enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, fever, itching.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Painless swelling of lymph nodes, fatigue.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Enlarged lymph nodes, systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss), organ involvement.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute exacerbations.
Post-op Care: N/A (Treatment may involve surgery in some cases)
Drug Treatments: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy.
Nutrition: Nutritional support to maintain adequate intake during treatment.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Biopsy of lymph nodes or affected tissues, imaging (CT scan, PET scan).
Lab Values: Abnormal lymphocyte counts, presence of specific markers (e.g., CD20 for B-cell lymphoma).
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, emotional support, monitoring for complications.
Pathophysiology: Inherited bleeding disorder characterized by deficient or defective clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding and easy bruising.
Clinical Manifestations: Easy bruising, prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery, joint pain or swelling due to bleeding.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Excessive bleeding with minor injuries, easy bruising.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Chronic joint damage, internal bleeding.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute bleeding episodes.
Post-op Care: Hemostasis management, close monitoring for bleeding complications.
Drug Treatments: Replacement therapy with clotting factor concentrates.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (clotting factor assays), genetic testing.
Lab Values: Abnormal clotting factor levels.
Nursing Interventions: Bleeding precautions, education on self-care, prompt treatment of bleeding episodes.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) often due to gallstones obstructing the bile ducts.
Clinical Manifestations: Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain after fatty meals.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Persistent and severe abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (if obstructive jaundice occurs).
Acute/Chronic: Acute condition with chronic gallstone disease.
Post-op Care: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, supportive care for chronic gallstone management.
Drug Treatments: Analgesics for pain management, antibiotics for acute cholecystitis, bile acid therapy for dissolving gallstones.
Nutrition: Low-fat diet to reduce gallbladder stimulation.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Ultrasound, abdominal CT scan, HIDA scan.
Lab Values: Elevated liver enzymes, elevated bilirubin levels if jaundice is present.
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, education on dietary modifications, post-op care guidance.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation and infection of the peritoneum, often due to bacterial infection from a ruptured organ or perforation.
Clinical Manifestations: Severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, tenderness.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Worsening abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, signs of sepsis.
Acute/Chronic: Acute condition requiring prompt medical intervention.
Post-op Care: Surgical intervention to address the underlying cause if necessary, supportive care for healing.
Drug Treatments: Broad-spectrum antibiotics to target the causative bacteria.
Nutrition: N/A (NPO status initially, followed by a gradual reintroduction of oral intake).
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Physical examination, abdominal imaging (CT scan), peritoneal fluid analysis.
Lab Values: Elevated white blood cell count, signs of infection (e.g., increased C-reactive protein).
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, monitoring for signs of worsening infection, education on post-op care.
Pathophysiology: Chronic inflammatory condition affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in ulcerations, strictures, and inflammatory responses.
Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, malnutrition.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Persistent diarrhea, malabsorption, bowel obstruction, nutritional deficiencies.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute exacerbations.
Post-op Care: Surgical intervention for complications (e.g., strictures, abscesses).
Drug Treatments: Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., corticosteroids, immunomodulators), immunosuppressants, biologic therapies.
Nutrition: Nutritional support to manage malnutrition and promote healing.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Endoscopy, colonoscopy, imaging (CT scan, MRI), blood tests (inflammatory markers).
Lab Values: Elevated inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, nutritional support, education on self-care and treatment adherence.
Pathophysiology: Chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon, leading to continuous inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa.
Clinical Manifestations: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, urgency, weight loss, fatigue.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe diarrhea with blood, electrolyte imbalances, nutritional deficiencies.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute exacerbations.
Post-op Care: Surgical intervention for complications (e.g., severe colitis, toxic megacolon).
Drug Treatments: Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., aminosalicylates, corticosteroids), immunosuppressants, biologic therapies.
Nutrition: Nutritional support to manage malnutrition and promote healing.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, imaging (CT scan), blood tests (inflammatory markers).
Lab Values: Elevated inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, nutritional support, education on self-care and treatment adherence.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to impaired filtration and proteinuria.
Clinical Manifestations: Hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, decreased urine output.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Hematuria, mild proteinuria, edema.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe proteinuria, hypertension, oliguria, signs of renal failure.
Acute/Chronic: Can be acute or chronic, depending on the underlying cause.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Medications to manage underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infection, immunosuppressants for autoimmune conditions), diuretics, antihypertensives.
Nutrition: Sodium and fluid restriction if necessary, diet modifications based on underlying condition.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Urine analysis, blood tests (creatinine, electrolytes), kidney biopsy.
Lab Values: Elevated creatinine levels, abnormal urine protein levels.
Nursing Interventions: Monitoring renal function, blood pressure management, education on self-care.
Pathophysiology: Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, malnutrition.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Persistent diarrhea, malabsorption, bowel obstruction, nutritional deficiencies.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute exacerbations.
Post-op Care: N/A (Surgery may be required for complications)
Drug Treatments: Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., aminosalicylates, corticosteroids), immunosuppressants, biologic therapies.
Nutrition: Nutritional support to manage malnutrition and promote healing.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Endoscopy, colonoscopy, imaging (CT scan, MRI), blood tests (inflammatory markers).
Lab Values: Elevated inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, nutritional support, education on self-care and treatment adherence.
Pathophysiology: Systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and the production of autoantibodies, leading to multi-system involvement.
Clinical Manifestations: Fatigue, joint pain, rash (butterfly rash), photosensitivity, fever, organ involvement (e.g., kidneys, heart, lungs).
Early Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, joint pain, skin rash.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe organ damage, kidney failure, cardiovascular complications.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with acute flares.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, antimalarials, NSAIDs for symptom management.
Nutrition: No specific dietary requirements, but a balanced diet to support overall health.
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (antinuclear antibody test, anti-dsDNA antibody test), imaging (if organ involvement suspected).
Lab Values: Elevated antinuclear antibodies, abnormal kidney function tests.
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, education on self-care and medication adherence.
Pathophysiology: Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction causing systemic vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and increased capillary permeability.
Clinical Manifestations: Sudden onset of respiratory distress, hypotension, hives, swelling, gastrointestinal symptoms.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Skin flushing, itching, hives, angioedema.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe respiratory distress, hypotension, loss of consciousness.
Acute/Chronic: Acute condition requiring immediate medical intervention.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Epinephrine (administered via auto-injector), antihistamines, corticosteroids.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Clinical presentation, history of allergen exposure.
Lab Values: N/A (diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms).
Nursing Interventions: Emergency management, administration of epinephrine, monitoring vital signs.
Pathophysiology: Clouding of the lens in the eye, typically due to age-related changes or other factors (e.g., trauma, diabetes).
Clinical Manifestations: Blurred vision,decreased visual acuity, glare sensitivity.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Blurred vision, difficulty reading or driving at night.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe visual impairment, loss of visual acuity.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with gradual progression.
Post-op Care: Surgical removal of the cataract, post-op care for healing.
Drug Treatments: N/A (Surgery is the primary treatment).
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Comprehensive eye examination, visual acuity test.
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Pre- and post-operative care guidance, education on eye protection and self-care.
Pathophysiology: Increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Clinical Manifestations: Gradual loss of peripheral vision, tunnel vision, increased intraocular pressure.
Early Signs and Symptoms: None (often asymptomatic in early stages).
Late Signs and Symptoms: Loss of peripheral vision, decreased visual acuity.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with gradual progression.
Post-op Care: N/A (Management focuses on reducing intraocular pressure)
Drug Treatments: Medications to lower intraocular pressure (e.g., prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers).
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Comprehensive eye examination, visual field test, measurement of intraocular pressure.
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Education on medication adherence, regular eye exams, and lifestyle modifications to manage intraocular pressure.
Pathophysiology: Degeneration of the macula in the retina, leading to central vision loss.
Clinical Manifestations: Blurred or distorted central vision, difficulty recognizing faces or reading.
Early Signs and Symptoms: None (often asymptomatic in early stages).
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe central vision loss, difficulty with activities requiring clear central vision.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with gradual progression.
Post-op Care: N/A (Management focuses on slowing disease progression)
Drug Treatments: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, antioxidants and vitamins.
Nutrition: Nutritional supplements containing antioxidants and vitamins (e.g., vitamins C and E, zinc).
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Comprehensive eye examination, visual acuity test, imaging (fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography).
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Education on self-care, regular eye exams, lifestyle modifications (e.g., quitting smoking).
Pathophysiology: Disorder of the inner ear characterized by episodic vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness.
Clinical Manifestations: Vertigo attacks, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Episodic vertigo attacks, tinnitus.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Persistent hearing loss, chronic dizziness.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with episodic acute attacks.
Drug Treatments: Medications to manage symptoms (e.g., antivertigo drugs, diuretics), anti-nausea medications.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Clinical history, physical examination, hearing tests, balance tests.
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, education on self-care during acute attacks.
Pathophysiology: Protrusion of the intervertebral disc, leading to compression of spinal nerves and associated symptoms.
Clinical Manifestations: Back pain, radiating pain, numbness, tingling, muscle weakness.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Localized back pain, radiating pain into the extremities.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Progressive pain, muscle weakness, loss of sensation.
Acute/Chronic: Can be acute or chronic, with acute exacerbations.
Post-op Care: N/A (Surgery may be considered in severe cases)
Drug Treatments: Pain management medications (e.g., NSAIDs, opioids), muscle relaxants, corticosteroid injections.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Physical examination, imaging (MRI, CT scan), electromyography (EMG).
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Pain management, education on body mechanics and exercises, supportive care.
Pathophysiology: Neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms.
Clinical Manifestations: Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, non-motor symptoms (e.g., depression, cognitive impairment).
Early Signs and Symptoms: Resting tremors, subtle changes in motor function.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe motor impairment, difficulties with balance and coordination, cognitive decline.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with progressive symptoms.
Post-op Care: N/A
Drug Treatments: Dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa-carbidopa), dopamine agonists, anticholinergics.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Clinical history, physical examination, response to dopaminergic medications.
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Symptom management, education on medication adherence, support for activities of daily living.
Pathophysiology: Congenital disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in segments of the colon, leading to functional obstruction and impaired bowel motility.
Clinical Manifestations: Failure to pass meconium, constipation, abdominal distention, poor feeding, failure to thrive.
Early Signs and Symptoms: Failure to pass meconium within the first 48 hours after birth, chronic constipation.
Late Signs and Symptoms: Severe constipation, abdominal distention, bowel obstruction.
Acute/Chronic: Chronic condition with potential for acute bowel obstruction.
Post-op Care: Surgical intervention to remove the affected segment of the colon (pull-through procedure).
Drug Treatments: Bowel stimulant medications, laxatives.
Nutrition: N/A
Diagnosis/Diagnostic Tests: Barium enema, rectal biopsy, anorectal manometry.
Lab Values: N/A
Nursing Interventions: Pre- and post-operative care guidance, education on bowel management, support for feeding and growth.
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