1. Conduct research for common concerns and complaints experienced during pregnancy and ways to manage them. List 5 common concerns and what the nurse can do to help the pregnant client.
2. Explain how pregnancy effects the following systems:

• • Integumentary system
  • Heart and peripheral vascular system

3. List the normal measurements and vital signs expected in newborns

4. Search for vaccines that are given to infants during their first year of life (list ages as well)

ANSWER

Managing Common Concerns During Pregnancy: Nurse’s Role

Pregnancy is a transformative journey that comes with its share of concerns and discomforts. Nurses play a crucial role in providing education and support to pregnant clients to alleviate these concerns. Here are five common pregnancy concerns and how nurses can help:

Morning Sickness
Pregnant clients often experience nausea and vomiting, especially during the first trimester. Nurses can advise clients to eat small, frequent meals, avoid trigger foods, stay hydrated, and try ginger-based remedies to manage symptoms.

Back Pain
As the pregnancy progresses, back pain can become an issue. Nurses can recommend proper posture, gentle exercises, prenatal massages, and warm compresses to alleviate discomfort.

Fatigue
Pregnancy can lead to increased fatigue. Nurses can encourage clients to prioritize rest, maintain a balanced diet, and engage in light physical activity to boost energy levels.

Heartburn and Indigestion
Digestive issues like heartburn and indigestion are common during pregnancy. Nurses can suggest eating smaller meals, avoiding spicy or greasy foods, propping up the upper body while sleeping, and consulting a healthcare provider for safe antacids.

Swelling and Edema
Edema, or swelling of the extremities, can occur due to fluid retention. Nurses can advise clients to elevate their legs, wear comfortable shoes, avoid standing for prolonged periods, and drink plenty of water to reduce swelling.

Impact of Pregnancy on Systems

Integumentary System

Pregnancy can lead to changes in the skin, including hyperpigmentation (melasma and linea nigra), stretch marks, and increased oil production. The “pregnancy glow” is due to increased blood flow and hormone changes. Nurses should educate clients about these changes and recommend gentle skincare routines, sunscreen use, and maintaining hydration.

Heart and Peripheral Vascular System

During pregnancy, the heart works harder to supply oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus. Blood volume increases, leading to higher cardiac output and heart rate. Peripheral vascular resistance decreases due to hormonal changes. Nurses should monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and assess for signs of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension.

Normal Measurements and Vital Signs in Newborns

Weight: Typically, newborns weigh between 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg).
Length: Newborns measure around 18 to 22 inches (45 to 55 cm) in length.
Head Circumference: The average newborn’s head circumference is approximately 13.5 to 14.5 inches (34 to 37 cm).
Vital Signs: Normal newborn vital signs include a heart rate of 120-160 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 30-60 breaths per minute, and temperature ranging between 97.7°F to 99.5°F (36.5°C to 37.5°C).

Vaccines Given to Infants in Their First Year

During their first year of life, infants receive several vaccines to protect against various diseases. Some of these vaccines and their recommended ages include:
Hepatitis B: Given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.
Rotavirus: Given at 2, 4, and 6 months.
Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP): Given at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): Given at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months.
Pneumococcal Conjugate (PCV13): Given at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months.
Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV): Given at 2, 4, 6-18 months, and 4-6 years.
Influenza: Given annually starting at 6 months.

By addressing common pregnancy concerns, understanding the effects on the integumentary system and heart, and staying informed about newborn measurements, vital signs, and vaccination schedules, nurses can play a crucial role in ensuring positive outcomes for both pregnant clients and newborns.