Deep Vein Thrombosis: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Considerations

QUESTION

J.K. a 42-year-old male presents with left lower extremity pain and swelling which has gotten progressively worse over the past three days. The client reports driving in his car several hours to attend a fishing trip. Upon returning, his wife noticed his left leg was discolored and swollen realizing he needed to seek medical attention immediately. J.K. denies past medical history except occasional high blood pressure attributed to “whitecoat phenomenon”. The client denies any other symptoms other than shortness of breath when he was on his fishing trip but attributed that to being out of shape.

What physical exam findings would support a likelihood of deep vein thrombosis?

Which radiology and laboratory diagnostics would you anticipate the provider will order to confirm this diagnosis?

What complications can occur in a client with deep vein thrombosis?

The client is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis of the left popliteal vessel which extends the entire length of his leg. The provider places the following orders.

 

Provider Orders
Place large-bore IV

Heparin loading dose 80 units/kg IVP

Heparin continuous infusion 18 units/kg/hr.

CT scan chest spiral view with contrast

NPO

HT: 6’2″

WT: 230 lbs.

The urgent care has 250 mL bag of heparin (10,000 units/250 mL) on hand and to being with a drop factor of 10. Complete the following medication calculations for the heparin.

  • Units/loading dose:
  • Flow rate continuous infusion:

What is the rationale for obtaining a CT scan of the chest?

The radiology technician called to let you know that they will be coming to get J.K. for the CT scan. They confirm that the client has an IV to administer the contrast. You then realize the contrast is not compatible with heparin. What is the next step that you would take to prepare the client for the radiology study?

For which type of shock is this client at highest risk? What clinical manifestations and physical exam findings would suggest a state of shock?

ANSWER

Deep Vein Thrombosis: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Considerations

Introduction

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition characterized by the formation of blood clots in the deep veins, usually in the lower extremities. Prompt assessment, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial in managing DVT to prevent potential complications. This essay focuses on the assessment findings, diagnostic procedures, treatment considerations, and potential complications associated with DVT.

Part 1: Physical Exam Findings

Physical exam findings that may support a likelihood of deep vein thrombosis include:
Swelling and edema in the affected leg.
Pain or tenderness, especially in the calf or thigh.
Warmth and redness over the affected area.
Enlarged superficial veins.
Homans sign (discomfort in the calf upon dorsiflexion of the foot, although its reliability is controversial).

Part 2: Diagnostic Procedures

To confirm the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, the provider may order the following radiology and laboratory diagnostics:
Doppler ultrasound: Used to visualize blood flow in the affected veins and identify the presence of blood clots.
D-dimer blood test: Measures the level of a substance that is released when a blood clot breaks down. Elevated D-dimer levels may indicate the presence of a clot, but it is not specific to DVT.
CT scan chest spiral view with contrast: This imaging technique helps rule out pulmonary embolism, which can occur as a complication of DVT.

Part 3: Complications of DVT

Complications associated with DVT include:
Pulmonary embolism: The migration of a blood clot from the deep veins to the lungs, potentially causing a life-threatening condition.
Post-thrombotic syndrome: Persistent leg pain, swelling, and skin changes that can occur after a DVT.
Chronic venous insufficiency: Impaired blood flow in the affected veins, leading to chronic leg swelling, skin changes, and ulceration.

Medication Calculations for Heparin

Units/loading dose: The loading dose is calculated based on the patient’s weight. In this case, the patient’s weight is 230 lbs.
Loading dose = Weight (lbs) x Dose (units/kg)
Loading dose = 230 lbs x 80 units/kg

Flow rate continuous infusion: The continuous infusion rate is 18 units/kg/hr. Using the patient’s weight of 230 lbs, we can calculate the flow rate.
Flow rate = Weight (lbs) x Infusion rate (units/kg/hr)
Flow rate = 230 lbs x 18 units/kg/hr

Rationale for CT Scan of the Chest

A CT scan of the chest is ordered to rule out the presence of a pulmonary embolism, which is a potential complication of DVT. It helps visualize the blood vessels in the lungs and identify any clots that may have traveled from the deep veins.

Next Step to Prepare the Client for the Radiology Study

As the contrast used for the CT scan is not compatible with heparin, the next step would be to temporarily discontinue the heparin infusion to prevent any adverse reactions or interactions with the contrast agent. The healthcare provider should review the patient’s medical history, assess the risks and benefits, and provide appropriate instructions for discontinuing heparin administration.

Highest Risk for Type of Shock and Clinical Manifestations

The client with deep vein thrombosis is at highest risk for distributive or septic shock, especially if the clot becomes infected. Clinical manifestations and physical exam findings suggestive of shock may include:
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Rapid heart rate
Cold, clammy skin
Altered mental status
Decreased urine output
Hypoxemia (low oxygen levels)

Conclusion

Deep vein thrombosis requires prompt assessment, diagnosis, and treatment to prevent potential complications such as pulmonary embolism. This essay discussed the physical exam findings associated with DVT, diagnostic procedures used to confirm the diagnosis, potential complications, medication calculations for heparin administration, the rationale for a CT scan of the chest, and the appropriate steps to prepare the client for the radiology study. Additionally, the essay identified the highest risk for shock and outlined the clinical manifestations and physical exam findings associated with a state of shock. Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial in ensuring positive outcomes for patients with deep vein thrombosis.

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