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Aphasia is a language disorder in which a person’s language functions, including speaking, reading, writing, and understanding, are impaired. This occurs because of damage caused to the language centres in the brain, typically located in the left hemisphere. Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia are the two main types of aphasia that occur (Aphasia, 2017).

The areas of the brain, primarily in the left hemisphere, are interconnected to help with language processing. Language production, including the formation of grammatically correct sentences is controlled by the broca’s area, located in the frontal lobe. Wernicke’s area, on the other hand controls language comprehension and is in the temporal lobe. Damage to the Broca’s area can lead to Broca’s aphasia, which can leave people, like Mary, struggling with the challenge of expressing their thoughts effectively and forming coherent sentences (Denslow, 2022). However, injury to Wernicke’s area, results in Wernicke’s aphasia, where individuals can fluently speak but produce nonsensical and incomprehensible speech. They can also find it difficult to understand language (Melinosky, 2023).

Strokes are characterised by the blockage of blood supply to the brain, causing dysfunction and damage. In the case of Mary, she suffered from an ischaemic stroke which was caused by a vascular occlusion.  The weakness in the upper and lower limbs and the right-sided facial droop Mary is experiencing suggests that damage occurred to the left hemisphere of her brain. When strokes occur in the left primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), which control voluntary movements, it causes paralysis and weakness on the opposite side of the body (right-side). This occurs because the motor pathways in the brain crossover (Effects, n.d.). Mary also suffers from right sided facial droop which means there is damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This can hinder the brain’s ability to properly stimulate facial muscles causing muscle weakness (AOO, 2021).

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Aphasia: Impaired Language Functions due to Brain Damage

Aphasia, a language disorder, impairs speaking, reading, writing, and understanding due to brain damage affecting language centers, primarily in the left hemisphere (Aphasia, 2017). Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia are two main types (Aphasia, 2017).

Language Processing and Brain Areas

Interconnected brain areas in the left hemisphere handle language processing. Broca’s area in the frontal lobe controls language production and sentence formation, while Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe manages comprehension (Denslow, 2022). Broca’s aphasia, caused by Broca’s area damage, hampers expression and sentence coherence (Denslow, 2022). Wernicke’s area damage leads to Wernicke’s aphasia, causing fluent but nonsensical speech and comprehension issues (Melinosky, 2023).

Strokes and Brain Damage

Strokes, blocking brain blood supply, result in dysfunction and damage. Mary’s ischaemic stroke, caused by vascular occlusion, caused right-sided facial droop and limb weakness, implying left hemisphere damage (Effects, n.d.). Left primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) strokes cause weakness on the opposite body side due to motor pathways crossover (Effects, n.d.). Mary’s facial droop suggests damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), affecting facial muscle stimulation (AOO, 2021).