Define one of the four Cardinal Virtues and give a specific example of how that virtue can be practiced.

Human laws which violate natural law are unjust.  St. Augustine wrote that “a law that is not just, seems to be no law at all”.  It is no wonder that in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. cited St. Augustine.  Explain why we do not have a moral obligation to obey unjust laws.

Explain what is meant by the “Nuptial meaning of the body” in John Paul II’s Theology of the Body.

List and define four kinds of law.  Describe the significance of natural law in the moral life.

List and explain the three determinants of a moral act.  Give a specific example of a morally good act AND an example of an act that was originally good, but then becomes bad.

Pope John Paul II wrote that “The great drama of human life is surrendering the person I am to the person who I ought to be.”  Lord Acton said that “True freedom is to be certain that at any time I can do what I should do.”   Do you find truth in Acton’s definition of freedom, and what connection (if any) do you see between being morally good and finding happiness?

Alexis de Tocqueville was a nineteenth Century Frenchman who greatly admired American liberty and democracy.  He said that, “Liberty cannot be established without morality, nor morality without faith.”  Compare this to the idea of “liberating restrictions” and explain whether you agree or disagree that rules in the moral life can set us free.

ANSWER

Exploring Ethical Concepts and Virtues

Cardinal Virtue: Justice

The cardinal virtue of justice refers to the moral virtue that guides individuals to give each person their due, treating others fairly and equitably. An example of practicing justice is seen in a courtroom where a judge ensures that all parties are heard, evidence is weighed impartially, and a fair judgment is delivered. This virtue also extends to everyday life, such as sharing resources equitably, treating others with respect, and advocating for the rights of marginalized individuals.

Disobeying Unjust Laws: Moral Obligation

While society often emphasizes the importance of obeying laws, individuals do not have a moral obligation to obey unjust laws. Unjust laws, those that violate natural law and fundamental human rights, are not in alignment with moral principles. Following unjust laws can perpetuate inequality, injustice, and human suffering. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent civil rights movement in the face of unjust segregation laws exemplified the moral duty to oppose and challenge unjust laws.

Nuptial Meaning of the Body in John Paul II’s Theology of the Body

The “Nuptial meaning of the body” in John Paul II’s Theology of the Body refers to the inherent connection between the human body and the call to love and communion. This concept underscores that human bodies, created male and female, are designed for self-giving love, reflecting the divine love and the Trinitarian communion. The nuptial meaning of the body reminds us of the profound connection between human relationships and God’s plan for love and unity.

Four Kinds of Law and Natural Law’s Significance

The four kinds of law are eternal law (divine order), natural law (moral law discerned by reason), human law (societal regulations), and divine law (revealed law from God). Natural law holds great significance in the moral life as it serves as a foundation for ethical decision-making. It is universal and objective, guiding individuals to recognize inherent human rights and ethical principles that transcend cultural and societal norms.

Determinants of a Moral Act: Intention, Moral Object, and Circumstances

Three determinants of a moral act are intention (the purpose behind the action), moral object (the nature of the action itself), and circumstances (the context in which the action occurs). For example, helping a homeless person out of genuine compassion (good intention, morally good object, positive circumstances) constitutes a morally good act. Conversely, an act that was originally good, like administering medication, could become bad if done without proper authorization (changing circumstances).

Freedom, Morality, and Happiness

Lord Acton’s definition of freedom as the ability to do what one should aligns with the idea that true freedom comes from aligning one’s actions with moral principles. Being morally good entails making choices that are in harmony with one’s values and ethical principles. Such alignment fosters a sense of fulfillment and inner peace, which are integral to finding happiness.

Liberty, Morality, and Liberating Restrictions

Alexis de Tocqueville’s assertion that liberty cannot exist without morality reflects the idea that a just and ethical society depends on individuals adhering to moral principles. “Liberating restrictions” emphasize that moral rules, though limiting certain behaviors, create a framework that safeguards the dignity and well-being of individuals. While restrictions might appear limiting, they liberate individuals from harm, promote communal harmony, and contribute to a just and ethical society.